Pdf structure and morphogenesis of bacteriophage t4. Bacteriophage t4 is one of the most complex viruses. The protein composition of the tail and the pathway of its assembly have been established 9. T4 bacteriophage also play major role in detecting the pathogen. All scientific data sets and motion based off of research from michael rossmann laboratory purdue university. T4 nanoparticles carrying reporter genes, vaccine candidates, functional enzymes, and targeting ligands can be delivered into cells, or targeted to. The bacteriophage t4 dna injection machine sciencedirect. The protein shell or capsid protects the viral genome. T4 bacteriophage as a phage display platform springerlink. In tailed bacteriophages, the portal system is connected to a tail structure. When the tail fibers detect a target host the bacteriophage attaches to the cell, injects its dna, and uses the bacterias machinery to reproduce.
Suggested by adrev for a 3rd party jim davies trigger finger feat. Available in any file format including fbx, obj, max, 3ds, c4d. The biogenesis of this phage is one of the most thoroughly studied biological assembly processes. This explains why the bacteriophage t4, which is depicted here, is one. With its six legs, the bacteriophage attaches to the surface of the much larger bacteria escherichia coli e. It is one of the largest phages, encoding roughly 200 genes and was the first prokaryotic organism providing evidence of gene splicing through presence of introns in the genome. However, a type of viruses called bacteriophages may provide a solu. Small peptides, 28 amino acids long, self assemble to form fibres 80 nm wide and 40 microns long. Details of the animation movie software this 2hour animation is an indepth and comprehensive approach towards virus. It was printed and used for demonstration in a 10th grade biology class. The mature t4 virion, which contains 172kbp genomic dna and approximately 50 types of proteins, consists of a prolate. The t4 bacteriophage is a complex, dna containing virus that consists of an elongated icosahedral head and a tail segment to which is attached a base plate with tail fibers see fig.
The first step in the replication of the phage in its host cell is called adsorption. Virus goalfinder animated science, technology software. Bacteriophages are small viruses that infect bacteria and kill them by multiplying and essentially filling the bacterial. This phage has an exclusively lytic lifecycle kutter et al. What students may not be aware of is the role bacteriophages play in human disease. Once attached, the bacteriophage injects dna into the bacterium. Structural analysis of bacteriophage t4 dna replication. Phages dont move this way, and this animation is for entertainment purposes only. Bacteriophages are small viruses that infect bacteria and kill them by multiplying and essentially filling the bacterial cell to bursting. Use filters to find rigged, animated, lowpoly or free 3d models.
More than 40 different proteins form the mature virion, which consists of a protein shell encapsidating a 172kbp doublestranded genomic dna. You can see how big it is compared to the computer mouse in the photo. Recently, ramanculov and young substituted the t4 t gene for the holin of bacteriophage lambda and showed that these lambda phage could now produce lysis inhibition if they infected e. From some of your favorite feature films to award winning broadcast television programs, and from computer games to educational software, zygotes content is the beautiful anatomy you see at the theater, on tv and on the computer. This is a model of bacteriophage t4, an organism in genetics that has been used for decades in labs around the world.
T4 gpriii further extended lysis inhibition, but no other or additional t4 proteins were required. Coliphage t4 is a virus that looks like an alien landing pod. The t4 phage is a member of the teven phages, a group including enterobacteriophagest2 and t6. This practical activity allows students to calculate the number of t4 bacteriophages in a suspension using serial dilution. The swollen structure at top is the head, which contains dna inside a protein coat. A simulation of t4 bacteriophage assembly and operation. Swarm model, very similar to the shark, and another in which the virus will destroy the bacteria. With the help of electron microscope, the morphology of the bacteriophage has been studied. The head is hexagonal and like a prism in outline fig 1a, b. A bacteriophage is essentially a virus consisting of dna or rna that is enclosed within a protein shell. Image of a t4 bacteriophage virus i waste so much time. The bacteriophage t4 dna packaging machine is being developed as a platform for human therapies.
The t4 tail striation distance was being used as a highresolution calibrant to register the lateral. Some bacteriophages, like the t4 bacteriophage that infects li, also have a protein tail composed of fibers that help attach the virus to its host. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Tut tut child official video song heart of courage28585. The bacteriophage t4 encodes 10 proteins, known collectively as the replisome, that. Phage t4 is one of the most extensively investigated viruses and has been. This was done for my animation class in the biomedical visualization program at uic. For over two decades, zygote has been providing amazing 3d content to customers in varying industries worldwide.
Virology itself is a big topic this is the part 1 of the triology, the other two parts virus lifecycle replication and viral immunity are presently under development and will be released shortly. The scope of the animation is to show the infection process of the t4 into an e. The bacteriophage t4 capsid is an elongated icosahedron, 120 nm long and 86 nm wide, and is built with three essential proteins. Another example is the bacteriophage designated t4, which specifically infects the bacterium escherichia coli. Medical animation section hybrid medical animation. T4 is a bacteriophage that infects escherichia coli bacteria. The dna instructs the bacterium to produce masses of new viruses. Bacteriophage download this royalty free stock illustration in seconds. The phage particle undergoes a chance collision at a chemically complementary site on the bacterial surface, then adheres to that site by means of its tail fibers. Bacteriophage t4 tail baseplate assembly and structure assembly.
Program of niaids division of microbiology and infectious diseases, explain how. Real image of t4 bacteriophage a virus via electron. The base plate and tail fibers are involved in the binding of the phage to. Structural rearrangements in the phage headtotail interface during.
The dna replicase is composed of the gene 43encoded dna polymerase gp43, the gene 45 sliding clamp gp45, the gene 44 and 62 encoded atpdependent clamp loader complex gp4462, and the gene 32 encoded singlestranded dna binding protein gp32. Flash animation showing adsorption of a lytic bacteriophage. A music videoanimation depicting modified bacteriophage vs ecoli. A cartoon model of leading and lagging strand dna synthesis by the. This design is based on a collection of images found while searching various sources. Doublestranded dna is pumped into head under pressure using atp, once head is filled with dna, dna molecule is cut more on this soon, and t4 tail, tail fibers, and other components are added pg 254. These days, t4 doesnt get nearly as much attention, but its still an. Most bacteriophages, such as coliphage t4 that we are using today, replicate. Attached to this is the tail, consisting of a tubelike sheath and tail fibers at bottom. This is a the making of video for my first student animation from back in 2010, called phage, which focused on the lifecycle of t4 bacteriophages. This is an accurate science animation of the t4 bacteriophage virus that showing how the virus assembles itself after infecting an e.
Visualization software has been dominated in recent years by the. At the end of the tail, phages like t4 have a base plate and one or more tail fibers attached to it. Hardware requirements1 supported operating systems windows 2000, xp or vista, mac os x 10. A music video animation depicting modified bacteriophage vs ecoli. Promotional piece created for closer sequence in previous demo reel. Real image of t4 bacteriophage a virus via electron microscope. The virions, or dormant viruses, become activated when they come in contact with a target cell. Bacteriophage t4 is a member of the myoviridae family of the order caudovirales. The bacteriophage t4 replisome can be subdivided into two components, the dna replicase and the primosome. Bacteriophage t4 is a large, tailed, doublestranded dna dsdna virus.
Steps in replication of t4 phage in e coli hd animation 360p. Endolysin or lysins of t4 bacteriophage are used as antimicrobial agents and t4 bacteriophage is used as a particle to deliver vaccine. Foreign dna molecules are packaged into the phage head and its outer surface is decorated with proteins fused to outer capsid proteins, hoc and soc. Other articles where t4 bacteriophage is discussed. Enzymes and genetic systems derived from t4 have seen extensive use invitro, such as t4 dna ligase, which is used for joining lengths of dna together. Created this using maya, a rigging skeleton and ik handles. Steps in replication of t4 phage in e coli hd animation. This is a highly accurate visualization of the bacteriophage t4 based on cryoem datasets of the virus. Bacteriophages all viruses are similar in the basic aspectsof multiplication general properties can best be studied byselecting a technically suitable model rapid advances in virology due to focus onbacteriophage 3. With lytic phages such as the t4 phage, bacterial cells are broken open lysed and destroyed after immediate replication of the virion. Bacteriophages may have a lytic cycle or a lysogenic cycle, but a few viruses are capable of carrying out both. This is from a company called xvivo scientific animation. The all parts file replicator 2x plate setup to maximize print size.
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